| Gastrointestinal |
| Increased losses (diarrhea, vomiting, nasogastric drainage) |
| Decreased intake (anorexia, bulimia) |
| Increased potassium intracellular uptake |
| Alkalosis |
| Increased insulin activity |
| Beta adrenergic agents (eg, albuterol, epinephrine, dopamine) |
| Periodic paralysis |
| Genetic etiology |
| Hyperthyroidism |
| Other Drugs |
| Barium |
| Antipsychotic drugs |
| Chloroquine |
| Increased urinary losses |
| Increased distal delivery of sodium to distal nephron |
| Diuretics |
| Osmotic diuretics (mannitol, hyperglycemia) |
| Non-reabsorbed anions (elevated serum bicarbonate level) |
| Tubular injury (Cisplatin) |
| Types I and II renal tubular acidosis |
| Increased mineralocorticoid activity |
| Hyperaldosteronism due to hypovolemia |
| Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism (GRA) |
| Apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) |
| Rare forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency and 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency) |
| Tubulopathies (Bartter syndrome, Gitelman syndrome) |
| Amphotericin |
| Enhanced sodium reabsorption (Liddle syndrome) |
| Increased skin loss |
| Cystic fibrosis |
