Pharmacologic agents |
Opioids |
Antihypertensive agents: Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (verapamil>diltiazem), clonidine |
Antineoplastic agents: Bortezomib, busulfan, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, methotrexate, paclitaxel, thalidomide, vinblastine, vincristine |
Gastrointestinal agents: |
- Antidiarrheal/antispasmodic: Alosetron, loperamide, diphenoxylate-atropine, hyoscyamine
|
- Phenothiazine antiemetics: Prochlorperazine, promethazine
|
Other: Oral iron preparations, zoledronic acid |
Drugs with significant anticholinergic properties, including: |
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants (paroxetine>fluoxetine)
|
- Tricyclic antidepressants (eg, amitriptyline, imipramine, desipramine, nortriptyline)
|
- Antipsychotics (eg, clozapine, haloperidol, olanzapine, quetiapine)
|
- Parkinson disease medications (eg, benztropine, carbidopa-levodopa, entacapone)
|
- H1 antihistamines, first generation (eg, diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, cyproheptadine, meclizine)
|
- Muscle relaxants (eg, baclofen, cyclobenzaprine, tizanidine)
|
- Overactive bladder (OAB) medications (eg, oxybutynin, solifenacin, tolterodine)
|
|
A method for estimating additive anticholinergic effects of various drugs is provided in a separate table. This is not a complete list of all medications that can contribute to nonsurgical ileus. |
Medical conditions |
Pancreatitis |
Gastroenteritis |
Spinal cord injury |
Myocardial infarction |
Stroke |
Pneumonia |
Hypokalemia |
Diabetes (neuronal loss with progressive disease) |
Diabetic ketoacidosis |
Acute intermittent porphyria |
Botulism |
Severe burns |
Parkinson disease |
Epilepsy |