| Physiologic reflux or GERD |
| Pyloric stenosis |
| Necrotizing enterocolitis |
| Obstruction |
| Malrotation with midgut volvulus |
| Hirschsprung disease |
| Intussusception |
| Congenital atresias, stenoses or webs |
| Gastroenteritis |
| Metabolic disorders |
| Feeding intolerance (may be associated with cardiac, pulmonary, renal, or neuromotor disorders) |
| Adrenal crisis |
| Dietary protein intolerance (eg, milk protein enteritis) |
| Urinary tract infection |
| Toxic ingestion |
| Increased intracranial pressure (eg, subdural hematoma from child abuse, or hydrocephalus) |
| Hepatobiliary disease |
