Concomitant use of benzodiazepines and opioids may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required. Follow patients for signs and symptoms or respiratory depression and sedation.
The use of benzodiazepines, including clorazepate, exposes users to risks of abuse, misuse, and addiction, which can lead to overdose or death. Abuse and misuse of benzodiazepines commonly involve concomitant use of other medications, alcohol, and/or illicit substances, which is associated with an increased frequency of serious adverse outcomes. Before prescribing clorazepate and throughout treatment, assess each patient’s risk for abuse, misuse, and addiction.
The continued use of benzodiazepines, including clorazepate, may lead to clinically significant physical dependence. The risks of dependence and withdrawal increase with longer treatment duration and higher daily dose. Abrupt discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction of clorazepate after continued use may precipitate acute withdrawal reactions, which can be life-threatening. To reduce the risk of withdrawal reactions, use a gradual taper to discontinue clorazepate or reduce the dosage.
Note: Reduce dose or avoid use in patients receiving opioids, with significant chronic disease (eg, respiratory compromise), or at increased risk for accumulation (eg, advanced cirrhosis) (Currow 2022; manufacturer’s labeling). Avoid use in patients with a history of substance use, misuse of medications, or depression (Craske 2022).
Anxiety disorders (adjunctive therapy or monotherapy) (alternative agent):
Note: Generally used short term for symptom relief until preferred therapy (eg, serotonin reuptake inhibitor) is effective (eg, 4 to 6 weeks followed by tapering). Long-term, low-dose therapy (eg, 3.75 mg) may be considered in select patients only when other treatments are ineffective or poorly tolerated (Craske 2022; Katzman 2014; WFSBP [Bandelow 2012]). Use with caution in patients with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder; benzodiazepines may worsen symptoms (VA/DoD 2017).
Initial: Oral: 7.5 to 15 mg at bedtime or 7.5 mg 2 to 3 times daily; if needed, may increase daily dose gradually (eg, in 7.5 mg increments every 3 to 4 days) based on response and tolerability up to 60 mg/day in 3 to 4 divided doses (Rickels 1988; manufacturer’s labeling). Usual dosage: 30 mg/day in divided doses.
Focal (partial) onset seizures (adjunctive therapy):
Note: FDA-approved for focal (partial) onset seizures; however, also used off label in other seizure types, including myoclonic and atonic seizures (Riss 2008).
Initial: Oral: Up to 7.5 mg 3 times daily; increase daily dose in ≤7.5 mg increments at weekly intervals; maximum dose: 90 mg/day.
Discontinuation of therapy: Unless safety concerns require a more rapid withdrawal, gradually taper to detect reemerging symptoms and minimize rebound and withdrawal symptoms (Lader 2011; VA/DoD 2021).
Low or moderate dose, no concerns for benzodiazepine use disorder: Taper total daily dose by 20% to 25% every week based on response and tolerability (taper increments will be limited by available dosage forms) (Craske 2022; VA/DoD 2021).
Extended or high-dose therapy, or suspected benzodiazepine use disorder: Taper total daily dose by ~25% every 1 to 2 weeks based on response, tolerability and individual patient factors (taper increments will be limited by available dosage forms) (Park 2022; VA/DoD 2021). Reduce dose more rapidly in the beginning, and slow the dose reduction as the taper progresses because earlier stages of withdrawal are easier to tolerate (Lader 2011; VA/DoD 2021). The optimal duration and taper increment will vary; up to 6 months may be necessary for some patients on higher doses, and a taper rate of 50% every week may be tolerated in some patients (Park 2022; VA/DoD 2021).
Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.
There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling. Use with caution; clorazepate is primarily excreted in urine.
There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling. Use with caution; clorazepate undergoes hepatic metabolism.
(For additional information see "Clorazepate: Pediatric drug information")
Anxiety disorders: Limited data available (Gal 2007):
Children 9 to 12 years: Oral: Initial: 3.75 mg twice daily; titrate weekly as needed; maximum daily dose: 60 mg/day.
Adolescents: Oral: Initial: 7.5 mg 2 to 3 times daily; titrate weekly as needed; maximum daily dose: 90 mg/day.
Seizures:
Children <9 years: Limited data available: Oral: Initial: 0.3 to 0.75 mg/kg/day in 1 to 3 divided doses or 3.75 mg once to three times daily; maximum initial daily dose: 1 mg/kg/day. Titrate weekly as needed; maximum daily dose: 3 mg/kg/day or 60 mg/day, whichever is less. In trials, subjects observed as having an excellent response reported a mean dose range of 0.79 to 1.33 mg/kg/day (Fujii 1987; Mimaki 1984; Naidu 1986; Sugai 2004).
Children 9 to 12 years: Oral: Initial: Up to 7.5 mg twice daily; increase in ≤7.5 mg increments at weekly intervals, maximum daily dose: 60 mg/day.
Adolescents: Oral: Initial: Up to 7.5 mg 3 times daily; increase in ≤7.5 mg increments at weekly intervals; usual dose range: 0.5 to 1 mg/kg/day; maximum daily dose: 90 mg/day.
Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.
There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling; use with caution.
There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling; use with caution.
If use is necessary, start with low doses and titrate slowly to effect.
Anxiety disorders: Oral: Initial: 7.5 to 15 mg/day
Focal (partial) onset seizures: Refer to adult dosing.
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.
Tablet, Oral, as dipotassium:
Tranxene-T: 7.5 mg [contains fd&c yellow #6 (sunset yellow)]
Generic: 3.75 mg, 7.5 mg, 15 mg
Yes
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.
Capsule, Oral:
Generic: 3.75 mg, 7.5 mg, 15 mg
C-IV
An FDA-approved patient medication guide, which is available with the product information and at http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/017105s079lbl.pdf#page=10, must be dispensed with this medication.
May administer with food or water to decrease GI upset.
Oral: May administer with food or water to decrease GI upset
Anxiety disorders: Management of anxiety disorders and short-term relief of the symptoms of anxiety.
Focal (partial) onset seizures: Adjunct therapy in the management of focal (partial) onset seizures.
Clorazepate may be confused with clofibrate, clonazepam, KlonoPIN
Beers Criteria: Clorazepate is identified in the Beers Criteria as a potentially inappropriate medication to be avoided in patients 65 years and older due to an increased risk of impaired cognition, delirium, falls, fractures, and motor vehicle accidents with benzodiazepine use. Older adults also have slower metabolism of long-acting benzodiazepines (eg, clorazepate). However, clorazepate may be appropriate in older adults when used for seizure disorders, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorders, benzodiazepine or ethanol withdrawal, severe generalized anxiety disorder, or periprocedural anesthesia (Beers Criteria [AGS 2019]).
The following adverse drug reactions and incidences are derived from product labeling unless otherwise specified.
Frequency not defined:
Cardiovascular: Systolic hypotension
Dermatologic: Skin rash
Gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal signs and symptoms, xerostomia
Genitourinary: Genitourinary signs and symptoms
Hematologic & oncologic: Decreased hematocrit
Hepatic: Abnormal hepatic function tests
Nervous system: Ataxia, confusion, depression, dizziness, drowsiness, drug abuse, drug dependence, fatigue, headache, insomnia, irritability, nervousness, slurred speech, suicidal ideation, suicidal tendencies, tremor
Ophthalmic: Blurred vision, diplopia
Renal: Renal function test abnormality
Hypersensitivity to clorazepate or any component of the formulation; acute narrow-angle glaucoma
Documentation of allergenic cross-reactivity for benzodiazepines is limited. However, because of similarities in chemical structure and/or pharmacologic actions, the possibility of cross-sensitivity cannot be ruled out with certainty.
Canadian labeling: Additional contraindications (not in US labeling): Myasthenia gravis.
Concerns related to adverse effects:
• Anterograde amnesia: Benzodiazepines have been associated with anterograde amnesia (Nelson 1999).
• CNS depression: May cause CNS depression, which may impair physical or mental abilities; patients must be cautioned about performing tasks that require mental alertness (eg, operating machinery or driving).
• Paradoxical reactions: Paradoxical reactions, including hyperactive or aggressive behavior, have been reported with benzodiazepines; risk may be increased in adolescent/pediatric patients, geriatric patients, or patients with a history of alcohol use disorder or psychiatric/personality disorders (Mancuso 2004).
• Sleep-related activities: Hazardous sleep-related activities such as sleep-driving, cooking and eating food, and making phone calls while asleep have been noted with benzodiazepines (Dolder 2008).
• Suicidal ideation: Pooled analysis of trials involving various antiseizure medications (regardless of indication) showed an increased risk of suicidal thoughts/behavior (incidence rate: 0.43% treated patients compared to 0.24% of patients receiving placebo); risk observed as early as 1 week after initiation and continued through duration of trials (most trials ≤24 weeks). Monitor all patients for notable changes in behavior that might indicate suicidal thoughts or depression; notify health care provider immediately if symptoms occur.
Disease-related concerns:
• Depression: Avoid use in patients with depression because of concerns about worsening mood symptoms, particularly if suicidal risk may be present, except for acute or emergency situations (eg, acute agitation, status epilepticus) (Craske 2022).
• Hepatic impairment: Use with caution in patients with hepatic impairment.
• Renal impairment: Use with caution in patients with renal impairment.
• Respiratory disease: Reduce dose or avoid use in patients with respiratory disease, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or sleep apnea. Benzodiazepines may cause significant respiratory depression.
Special populations:
• Debilitated patients: Use with caution in patients who are debilitated (eg, patients with organ dysfunction, comorbid conditions); dosage adjustment recommended.
• Older adult: Avoid or use with extreme caution in older adult patients. Older adult patients may be at an increased risk of death with use; risk has been found highest within the first 4 months of use in older adult dementia patients (Jennum 2015; Saarelainen 2018).
• Fall risk: Use with extreme caution in patients who are at risk of falls; benzodiazepines have been associated with falls and traumatic injury (Nelson 1999).
Other warnings/precautions:
• Abuse, misuse, and addiction: Counsel patients at increased risk on proper use and monitoring for signs and symptoms of abuse, misuse, and addiction. Institute early treatment or refer patients in whom substance use disorder is suspected. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required.
• Appropriate use: Does not have analgesic, antidepressant, or antipsychotic properties. Not recommended for use in psychotic reactions.
• Dependence and withdrawal reactions: Some patients may develop a protracted withdrawal syndrome lasting >12 months; may be difficult to differentiate withdrawal symptoms from reemergence or continuation of symptoms for which benzodiazepines were prescribed. Flumazenil may cause withdrawal in patients receiving long-term benzodiazepine therapy.
• Tolerance: Clorazepate is a long half-life benzodiazepine. Duration of action after a single dose is determined by redistribution rather than metabolism. Tolerance develops to the antiseizure effects. It does not develop to the anxiolytic effects (Vinkers 2012). Chronic use of this agent may increase the perioperative benzodiazepine dose needed to achieve desired effect.
Substrate of CYP3A4 (minor); Note: Assignment of Major/Minor substrate status based on clinically relevant drug interaction potential
Note: Interacting drugs may not be individually listed below if they are part of a group interaction (eg, individual drugs within “CYP3A4 Inducers [Strong]” are NOT listed). For a complete list of drug interactions by individual drug name and detailed management recommendations, use the Lexicomp drug interactions program by clicking on the “Launch drug interactions program” link above.
Alcohol (Ethyl): CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Alcohol (Ethyl). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Alizapride: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Azelastine (Nasal): May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk X: Avoid combination
Blonanserin: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Blonanserin. Management: Use caution if coadministering blonanserin and CNS depressants; dose reduction of the other CNS depressant may be required. Strong CNS depressants should not be coadministered with blonanserin. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Brexanolone: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Brexanolone. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Brimonidine (Topical): May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Bromopride: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Bromperidol: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk X: Avoid combination
Buprenorphine: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Buprenorphine. Management: Consider reduced doses of other CNS depressants, and avoiding such drugs in patients at high risk of buprenorphine overuse/self-injection. Initiate buprenorphine at lower doses in patients already receiving CNS depressants. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Cannabinoid-Containing Products: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Cannabinoid-Containing Products. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Chlormethiazole: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Monitor closely for evidence of excessive CNS depression. The chlormethiazole labeling states that an appropriately reduced dose should be used if such a combination must be used. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Chlorphenesin Carbamate: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
CloZAPine: Benzodiazepines may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of CloZAPine. Management: Consider decreasing the dose of (or possibly discontinuing) benzodiazepines prior to initiating clozapine. Monitor for respiratory depression, hypotension, and other toxicities if these agents are combined. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
CNS Depressants: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of other CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Daridorexant: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Dose reduction of daridorexant and/or any other CNS depressant may be necessary. Use of daridorexant with alcohol is not recommended, and the use of daridorexant with any other drug to treat insomnia is not recommended. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
DexmedeTOMIDine: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of DexmedeTOMIDine. Management: Monitor for increased CNS depression during coadministration of dexmedetomidine and CNS depressants, and consider dose reductions of either agent to avoid excessive CNS depression. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Difelikefalin: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Dimethindene (Topical): May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Doxylamine: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: The manufacturer of Diclegis (doxylamine/pyridoxine), intended for use in pregnancy, specifically states that use with other CNS depressants is not recommended. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Droperidol: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Consider dose reductions of droperidol or of other CNS agents (eg, opioids, barbiturates) with concomitant use. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Esketamine: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Flunarizine: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Flunarizine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Flunitrazepam: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Flunitrazepam. Management: Reduce the dose of CNS depressants when combined with flunitrazepam and monitor patients for evidence of CNS depression (eg, sedation, respiratory depression). Use non-CNS depressant alternatives when available. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Fosamprenavir: May increase the serum concentration of Clorazepate. Risk C: Monitor therapy
HydrOXYzine: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Consider a decrease in the CNS depressant dose, as appropriate, when used together with hydroxyzine. Increase monitoring of signs/symptoms of CNS depression in any patient receiving hydroxyzine together with another CNS depressant. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Kava Kava: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Kratom: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk X: Avoid combination
Lemborexant: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Dosage adjustments of lemborexant and of concomitant CNS depressants may be necessary when administered together because of potentially additive CNS depressant effects. Close monitoring for CNS depressant effects is necessary. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Lisuride: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Lofexidine: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Magnesium Sulfate: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Melatonin: May enhance the sedative effect of Benzodiazepines. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Methadone: Benzodiazepines may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Methadone. Management: Clinicians should generally avoid concurrent use of methadone and benzodiazepines when possible; any combined use should be undertaken with extra caution. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Methotrimeprazine: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Methotrimeprazine. Methotrimeprazine may enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Reduce the usual dose of CNS depressants by 50% if starting methotrimeprazine until the dose of methotrimeprazine is stable. Monitor patient closely for evidence of CNS depression. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Metoclopramide: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
MetyroSINE: CNS Depressants may enhance the sedative effect of MetyroSINE. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Minocycline (Systemic): May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir: May increase the serum concentration of Clorazepate. Risk C: Monitor therapy
OLANZapine: Benzodiazepines may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of OLANZapine. Management: Monitor closely for hypotension, respiratory or central nervous system depression, and bradycardia if olanzapine is combined with benzodiazepines. Use of parenteral benzodiazepines with IM olanzapine is not recommended. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Olopatadine (Nasal): May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk X: Avoid combination
Opioid Agonists: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Opioid Agonists. Management: Avoid concomitant use of opioid agonists and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants when possible. These agents should only be combined if alternative treatment options are inadequate. If combined, limit the dosages and duration of each drug. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Orphenadrine: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Orphenadrine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Oxomemazine: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk X: Avoid combination
Oxybate Salt Products: Benzodiazepines may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Oxybate Salt Products. Risk X: Avoid combination
OxyCODONE: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of OxyCODONE. Management: Avoid concomitant use of oxycodone and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants when possible. These agents should only be combined if alternative treatment options are inadequate. If combined, limit the dosages and duration of each drug. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Paraldehyde: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Paraldehyde. Risk X: Avoid combination
Perampanel: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Piribedil: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Piribedil. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Pramipexole: CNS Depressants may enhance the sedative effect of Pramipexole. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Procarbazine: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ritonavir: May increase the serum concentration of Clorazepate. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ropeginterferon Alfa-2b: CNS Depressants may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Ropeginterferon Alfa-2b. Specifically, the risk of neuropsychiatric adverse effects may be increased. Management: Avoid coadministration of ropeginterferon alfa-2b and other CNS depressants. If this combination cannot be avoided, monitor patients for neuropsychiatric adverse effects (eg, depression, suicidal ideation, aggression, mania). Risk D: Consider therapy modification
ROPINIRole: CNS Depressants may enhance the sedative effect of ROPINIRole. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Rotigotine: CNS Depressants may enhance the sedative effect of Rotigotine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Rufinamide: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of CNS Depressants. Specifically, sleepiness and dizziness may be enhanced. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Saquinavir: May increase the serum concentration of Clorazepate. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Suvorexant: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Suvorexant. Management: Dose reduction of suvorexant and/or any other CNS depressant may be necessary. Use of suvorexant with alcohol is not recommended, and the use of suvorexant with any other drug to treat insomnia is not recommended. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Teduglutide: May increase the serum concentration of Benzodiazepines. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Thalidomide: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Thalidomide. Risk X: Avoid combination
Theophylline Derivatives: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Benzodiazepines. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Tobacco (Smoked): May decrease serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Clorazepate. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Trimeprazine: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Valerian: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Yohimbine: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Antianxiety Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Zolpidem: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Zolpidem. Management: Reduce the Intermezzo brand sublingual zolpidem adult dose to 1.75 mg for men who are also receiving other CNS depressants. No such dose change is recommended for women. Avoid use with other CNS depressants at bedtime; avoid use with alcohol. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Nordiazepam, the active metabolite of clorazepate, crosses the placenta and is measurable in cord blood and amniotic fluid. Teratogenic effects have been observed with some benzodiazepines (including clorazepate); however, additional studies are needed. The incidence of premature birth and low birth weights may be increased following maternal use of benzodiazepines; hypoglycemia and respiratory problems in the neonate may occur following exposure late in pregnancy. Neonatal withdrawal symptoms may occur within days to weeks after birth and “floppy infant syndrome” (which also includes withdrawal symptoms) has been reported with some benzodiazepines (Bergman 1992; Iqbal 2002; Patel 1980; Rey 1979; Wikner 2007). A combination of factors influences the potential teratogenicity of antiseizure medication therapy. When treating patients with epilepsy, monotherapy with the lowest effective dose and avoidance of medications known to have a high incidence of teratogenic effects is recommended (Harden 2009; Wlodarczyk 2012).
Patients exposed to clorazepate during pregnancy are encouraged to enroll themselves into the AED Pregnancy Registry by calling 1-888-233-2334. Additional information is available at www.aedpregnancyregistry.org.
Nordiazepam, the active metabolite of clorazepate, is present in breast milk and is measurable in the serum of breastfeeding infants. Drowsiness, lethargy, or weight loss in breastfeeding infants have been observed in case reports following maternal use of some benzodiazepines (Iqbal 2002; Rey 1979). Breastfeeding is not recommended by the manufacturer.
Excessive CNS depression, respiratory rate, and cardiovascular status; with prolonged use: CBC, liver enzymes, renal function; signs and symptoms of suicidality (eg, anxiety, depression, behavior changes).
Binds to stereospecific benzodiazepine receptors on the postsynaptic GABA neuron at several sites within the central nervous system, including the limbic system and reticular formation. Enhancement of the inhibitory effect of GABA on neuronal excitability results by increased neuronal membrane permeability to chloride ions. This shift in chloride ions results in hyperpolarization (a less excitable state) and stabilization. Benzodiazepine receptors and effects appear to be linked to the GABA-A receptors. Benzodiazepines do not bind to GABA-B receptors (Nelson 1999).
Distribution: Nordiazepam: Vd: 0.7 to 2.2 L/kg (Riss, 2008)
Protein binding: Nordiazepam: 97% to 98%
Metabolism: Rapidly decarboxylated to nordiazepam (active) in acidic stomach prior to absorption; nordiazepam is hepatically hydroxylated by CYP 2C19 and CYP3A4 to oxazepam (active) and undergoes glucuronidation to form a glucuronide conjugate (Riss, 2008)
Half-life elimination: Nordiazepam: 20 to 160 hours; Oxazepam: 6 to 24 hours (Riss, 2008)
Time to peak, serum: ~0.5 to 2 hours (Carrigan, 1977; Riss, 2008)
Excretion: Urine (62% to 67%; primarily metabolites of conjugated oxazepam); feces (15% to 19%)
Tablets (Clorazepate Dipotassium Oral)
3.75 mg (per each): $2.03 - $4.03
7.5 mg (per each): $2.84 - $5.02
15 mg (per each): $4.67 - $5.45
Tablets (Tranxene-T Oral)
7.5 mg (per each): $17.22
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