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Characteristics of depression case-finding instruments validated

Instrument	Sensitivity* (%)	Specificity^¶ (%)	Number of items^Δ	Response format	Score range	Usual cutpoint^◊	Literacy level^§	Time to administer (minutes)	Monitor severity or response
BDI	90	79	21, 13, 7	Four statements of symptom severity per item	0 to 63	10 to 19 mild 20 to 29 moderate ≥30 severe	Easy	2 to 5	Yes
EPDS	82	86	10	Four frequency ratings	0 to 30	≥10	Easy	<2	Yes
GDS	81	78	15	Yes or no	0 to 15	≥6	Easy	2 to 5	Yes
PHQ-2	76	87	2	Four frequency ratings	0 to 6	≥3	Average	<1	Limited
PHQ-9	88	85	9	Four frequency ratings	0 to 9 for diagnosis 0 to 27 for response	For diagnosis: 5 symptoms For severity: 0 to 4 none 5 to 9 mild 10 to 14 moderate 15 to 19 major 20 to 27 severe	Average	<2	Yes
WHO-5	93	64	5	Five frequency ratings	0 to 25	≤12	Easy	<2	Unknown

BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; EPDS: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale; PHQ: Patient Health Questionnaire; WHO-5: World Health Organization Well-being Index.
* Sensitivity describes the proportion of patients with major depressive disorder who score below the cutpoint.
¶ Specificity describes the proportion of patients without major depressive disorder who score below the cutpoint.
Δ Numbers refer to different versions of the same instrument and are listed from most to least number of items.
◊ Cutpoint is given for the instrument version with the most number of items.
§ Easy: 3rd to 5th grade reading level; Average: 6th to 9th grade reading level.

Adapted from: Williams JW, Jr. Depression. In: The Rational Clinical Examination: Evidence-Based Clinical Diagnosis, Simel DL, Rennie D (Eds), McGraw-Hill, New York 2009.

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