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Increased risk for selected congenital defects conferred by maternal smoking during pregnancy

Increased risk for selected congenital defects conferred by maternal smoking during pregnancy
Congenital defect Odds ratio 95% confidence interval (CI)
Gastroschisis 1.50 1.28-1.76
Abdominal hernia (umbilical, inguinal, or ventral) 1.40 1.23-1.59
Craniosynostosis 1.33 1.03-1.73
Oral clefts 1.28 1.20-1.36
Limb reduction 1.26 1.15-1.39
Clubfoot 1.25 1.10-1.47
Eye 1.25 1.11-1.40
Digit anomaly 1.18 0.99-1.41
Cryptorchidism 1.13 1.02-1.25
Cardiovascular 1.09 1.02-1.17
Data from: Hackshaw A, Rodeck C, Boniface S. Maternal smoking in pregnancy and birth defects: A systematic review based on 173,687 malformed cases and 11.7 million controls. Hum Reprod Update 2011; 17:589.
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