Category | Condition* |
Decreased inspired FiO2 (eg, smoke inhalation) | Exposure to asphyxiating gas |
Smoke inhalation |
Upper airway obstruction | Bacterial tracheitis |
Croup |
Epiglottitis |
Foreign body aspiration |
Traumatic disruption (laryngeal fracture, burn) |
Impairment of chest wall or lung expansion | External compression |
Flail chest |
Hemothorax |
Open pneumothorax |
Pneumothorax |
Intrinsic lung disease | Asthma |
Bronchiolitis |
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia |
Cystic fibrosis |
Empyema |
Hyaline membrane disease |
Pneumonia |
Disordered control of breathing | Coma |
Cyanotic breath-holding spells |
Seizures |
Severe head trauma |
Cyanotic congenital heart disease | Atrioventricular canal defect |
Ebstein anomaly |
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome |
Pulmonary atresia |
Pulmonic stenosis |
Tetralogy of Fallot |
Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage |
Transposition of the great vessels |
Truncus arteriosus |
Pulmonary vascular disorders | PPHN |
Pulmonary edema |
Pulmonary embolism |
Pulmonary hemorrhage |
Pulmonary hypertension |
Hematologic | Methemoglobinemia |
Polycythemia |
Decreased peripheral perfusion | Acrocyanosis |
Cold exposure |
Shock |
Altered skin coloration | Extensive tattoos |
External skin exposure to blue dye |
Large pigmentary lesions (eg, Mongolian spots) |
Treatment with amiodarone, silver |