| Hypovolemia |
| Polyuria due to diabetes insipidus or osmotic diuresis due to hyperglycemia |
| Fluid restriction strategies for cerebral protection |
| Inadequate fluid restriction |
| Bleeding |
| Distributive shock |
| Systemic inflammatory response syndrome |
| Post brain stem death vasodilatation |
| Cardiogenic shock |
| Myocardial trauma: blunt contusion, penetrating injury |
| Electrolyte abnormality |
| Hypothermia |
| Endocrine and metabolic abnormalities |
| Anterior pituitary dysfunction |
| Adrenal insufficiency |
| Diabetes insipidus |
