| Gastrointestinal disorders |
| Obstruction |
| Intussusception* |
| Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis* |
| Foreign bodyΔ |
| Hirschsprung disease |
| Intestinal malrotation or volvulusΔ |
| Duodenal or intestinal hematoma |
| Esophageal, pyloric or intestinal stenosis, atresia, or web |
| Esophageal, gastric, or intestinal duplication |
| Gastric bezoar, volvulus, or tumor |
| Superior mesenteric artery syndrome |
| Intestinal pseudo-obstruction |
| Adhesions, including congenital adhesions |
| Incarcerated hernia |
| Tumors |
| Meconium ileus or equivalent |
| Imperforate anus |
| Other gastrointestinal disorders |
| Gastroesophageal reflux* |
| Gastritis, esophagitis* |
| Eosinophilic esophagitis/gastroenteritis |
| Food intolerance or allergy* |
| Gastroparesis (eg, postviral) |
| AppendicitisΔ |
| Cholecystitis, cholelithiasis |
| Pancreatitis |
| Ulcerative colitis or Crohn disease |
| Peptic ulcer |
| Achalasia or chalasia |
| Tracheoesophageal fistula |
| Choledochal cyst |
| Genitourinary causes |
| Hydronephrosis |
| Urinary tract obstruction |
| Renal stones |
| Hydrometrocolpos |
| Testicular or ovarian torsion |
| Renal insufficiency |
| Toxic ingestions |
| Lead intoxication |
| Iron intoxication |
| Alcohol intoxication (ethanol or other toxic alcohol) |
| Vitamin A or D intoxication |
| Organophosphate exposure |
| Medications (ipecac, digoxin, theophylline) |
| Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (chronic cannabis use) |
