| Upper motor neuron symptoms |
| Jaw stiffness with difficulty opening the mouth |
| Spontaneous clenching or biting |
| Trismus |
| Spontaneous jaw clonus |
| Dysphagia |
| Tongue incoordination disrupts the oral phase |
| Pharyngeal muscle incoordination disrupts the pharyngeal phase |
| Dysarthria |
| Labial, lingual, and/or pharyngeal components |
| Spastic with slow, strained speech |
| Laryngospasm |
| Often triggered by secretions (eg, saliva) or food particles |
| Rapid onset |
| "Squeezing" feeling, inability to speak, strained speech |
| Short-lived, less than 30 seconds |
| Pseudobulbar affect |
| Inappropriate laughing, crying, and/or yawning |
| Affective response >> emotional trigger |
| Mood incongruent |
| Sialorrhea (drooling) |
| Difficulty managing pharyngeal secretions |
| Lower motor neuron symptoms |
| Incomplete eye closure |
| Difficulty opening and/or closing the jaw |
| Difficulty chewing |
| Disarticulation of the temporomandibular joint when severe |
| Poor lip closure and seal |
| May contribute to sialorrhea when severe |
| Dysphagia |
| Tongue weakness disrupts the oral phase |
| Pharyngeal muscle weakness disrupts the pharyngeal phase |
| Coughing and choking induced by drinking, eating, or saliva secretion |
| Often thin liquids followed by solids and thick liquids |
| Dysarthria |
| Labial, lingual, and/or pharyngeal components |
| Slurred, nasal, and/or hoarse speech |
| Hoarseness |
