| Acquired prenatal factors |
| Congenital infections (CMV, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, rubella, HIV, Zika virus) |
| Maternal diabetes |
| In utero exposure to certain medications (aminoglycosides, antimalarials, isotretinoin) |
| Maternal substance use disorder |
| Acquired postnatal factors |
| Very low birth weight (<1500 g) |
| Perinatal ischemia/asphyxia |
| Severe hyperbilirubinemia |
Other:
|
| Family history |
| First- or second-degree relative with permanent hearing loss in childhood |
| Syndromes associated with hearing loss¶ |
| Alport syndrome, Jervell-Lange-Nielsen (long QT) syndrome, neurofibromatosis, Pendred syndrome, Usher syndrome, Waardenburg syndrome |
| Craniofacial anomalies |
| Anomalies of the pinna or ear canal |
| Cleft lip and/or palate |
CMV: cytomegalovirus infection; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; PPHN: persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.
* Certain genetic predispositions appear to increase an infant's risk of aminoglycoside-related hearing loss.
¶ Some of the more common syndromic causes of hearing loss are listed here. However, this list is not comprehensive. For additional details, refer to separate UpToDate content on the etiology of hearing loss in children.