| Cardiovascular factors |
| Superimposed ischemia or infarction |
| Uncontrolled hypertension |
| Unrecognized primary valvular disease |
| Worsening secondary mitral regurgitation |
| New onset or uncontrolled atrial fibrillation |
| Excessive tachycardia |
| Pulmonary embolism |
| Systemic factors |
| Inappropriate medications |
| Superimposed infection |
| Anemia |
| Uncontrolled diabetes |
| Thyroid dysfunction |
| Electrolyte disorders |
| Pregnancy |
| Patient-related factors |
| Medication noncompliance |
| Dietary indiscretion |
| Alcohol consumption |
| Substance abuse |
