Physiologic variable | Preload | Pump function | Afterload | Tissue perfusion | Tissue perfusion |
Clinical measurement | Clinical signs* or central venous pressure (if measured) | Cardiac output or index¶ | Systemic vascular resistance | Capillary refill timeΔ | Mixed venous oxygen saturation◊ |
Hypovolemic | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | Low |
Cardiogenic | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | Low |
Distributive | ↓ or ↔ | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ (initial) | High |
Obstructive | ↑§ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | Low |