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Uptodate Reference Title
Neonatal morbidity and mortality data by delivery type for the United States, 1995 to 1998 (rates are per 10,000 deliveries)
Neonatal morbidity and mortality data by delivery type for the United States, 1995 to 1998 (rates are per 10,000 deliveries)
Outcome
Spontaneous
Forceps delivery
Vacuum delivery
Neonatal death
3.7
5.0
4.7
Birth injury
21.4
109.1
76.1
Neonatal seizures
5.0
8.7
6.5
Assisted ventilation <30 minutes
147
293
250
Data from: Demissie K, Rhoads GG, Smulian JC, et al. Operative vaginal delivery and neonatal and infant adverse outcomes: population based retrospective analysis. BMJ 2004; 329:24.