ED: emergency department; ECG: electrocardiogram; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; GI: gastrointestinal; OR: operating room; LBBB: left bundle branch block.
* The disposition of patients at intermediate risk varies depending on local practice and resources, including availability of consultants and hospital or observation unit beds, and the availability of timely out-patient follow-up with ambulatory cardiac monitoring.
¶ For details about high-risk criteria, including tables summarizing high-risk features of the history, examination, and ECG, refer to the UpToDate topic covering assessment of syncope in the ED.
Δ BNP and high-sensitivity troponin testing is most useful in older adults and patients with heart disease. It is not needed in all patients.