| "Congenital" (diagnosed within four weeks after birth) |
| Birth trauma related |
| Congenital infections |
| Neuroblastoma |
| Idiopathic |
| Acquired |
| Neuroblastoma |
| Rhabdomyosarcoma |
| Brainstem vascular malformations (AVM) |
| Brainstem tumors (glioma) |
| Demyelination (brainstem) |
| Carotid artery thrombosis |
| Neck trauma |
| Postsurgical: |
| Jugular cannulation |
| Thoracic surgery |
| Neck surgery |
| Idiopathic |
