Primary |
Idiopathic (sporadic) |
Familial |
Recessive - Proximal tubule cell sodium bicarbonate co-transporter (NBCe1) defect in SLC4A4
- Carbonic anhydrase type 2 deficiency (usually causes mixed type 2 and type 1 or type 3)
|
Dominant, isolated HCO3 wasting |
Cystinosis |
Tyrosinemia |
Hereditary fructose intolerance |
Galactosemia |
Glycogen storage disease (type I) |
Wilson disease |
Lowe syndrome |
Acquired disorders |
Drugs |
Ifosfamide |
Tenofovir and other antiretroviral drugs |
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors – Acetazolamide, topiramate |
Aminoglycosides |
Oxaliplatin/cisplatin |
M-protein disorders |
Amyloidosis |
Multiple myeloma/light chain disease |
Heavy metals |
Lead |
Cadmium |
Mercury |
Copper |
Vitamin D deficiency or vitamin D resistance |
Kidney transplantation |
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria |
Sjögren syndrome (more commonly causes distal RTA) |