| External fetal and cord examination | Placenta and cord histological examination | Histologic fetal gross features |
≥4 h | | | Kidney: cortical tubular nuclear loss of basophilia* |
≥6 h | Cord discoloration (brown or red) | Intravascular karyorrhexis¶ | |
Desquamation ≥1 cm |
≥12 h | Desquamation face, back, abdomen | Cord vascular smooth muscleΔ | |
≥18 h | Desquamation ≥5 percent of the body | | |
Desquamation 2 or more of 11 zones◊ |
≥24 h | Skin color brown or tan | | Liver: hepatocyte, nuclear loss of basophilia |
Myocardium: inner half loss of nuclear basophilia |
≥36 h | | Stem villous vessels luminal abnormalities (5 percent) | |
≥48 h | | Stem villous vascular lumen abnormalities | Myocardium: outer half maximal loss of nuclear basophilia |
Multifocally (25 percent) |
≥96 h | | | Bronchus: loss of epithelial nuclear basophilia |
≥1 wk | | | Liver: maximal loss of nuclear basophilia |
Gastrointestinal tract: maximal loss of nuclear basophilia |
Trachea: chondrocyte loss of nuclear basophilia |
Adrenal maximal loss of nuclear basophilia |
≥2 wk | Mummification (any) | The stem villous vascular lumen abnormalities | |
"Extensively" |
Extensive villous fibrosis |
≥4 wk | | | Kidney: maximal loss of nuclear basophilia |