Anorexia nervosa |
Gastrointestinal malabsorption (eg, celiac disease, postoperative states) |
Vitamin D and/or calcium deficiency |
Hyperthyroidism |
Hyperparathyroidism |
Cushing syndrome |
Hypogonadism (hypogonadotropic or hypergonadotropic) |
Hypercalciuria |
Rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions |
Alcoholism |
Renal disease |
Liver disease |
Homocystinuria |
Hereditary hemochromatosis |
HIV infection and/or medications |
Diabetes (types 1 and 2) |
Bone marrow processes - Systemic mastocytosis
- Gaucher disease
- Thalassemia major
|
Medications - Glucocorticoids
- Immunosuppressants (cyclosporine)
- Antiseizure medications (particularly phenobarbital and phenytoin)
- GnRH agonists (when used to suppress ovulation)
- Heparin
- Chemotherapy leading to amenorrhea
- Thiazolidinediones
- Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate
|
Possible contributors - Excess thyroid hormone
- Depression and/or SSRI use
- Proton pump inhibitors
|