| Intranasal cocaine use (both cocaine and adulterants, such as borax or talcum powder) |
| Piercings |
| Rheumatologic disease |
| Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Psoriatic arthritis |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus |
| Progressive systemic sclerosis |
| Mixed connective tissue disease |
| Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) |
| Foreign body |
| Bevacizumab |
| Head and neck tumors |
| Industrial exposure to metal plating solutions (chrome) |
| Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, tuberculosis, syphilis |
| Intranasal glucocorticoid sprays |
| Atrophic rhinitis (primary) |
| Complication of septal surgery or cautery for epistaxis |
