| Pretransplant factors |
| Low bone mineral density related to underlying disease |
| Hepatic osteodystrophy |
| Osteoporosis of end-stage pulmonary disease |
| Renal osteodystrophy |
| Heart failure |
| Diabetes |
| Pre-existing history of fracture |
| Advanced age |
| Chronic illness |
| Poor nutrition |
| Vitamin D deficiency |
| Immobilization |
| Hyperparathyroidism |
| Hypogonadism |
| Medications |
| Glucocorticoids |
| Lifestyle factors |
| Smoking |
| Alcohol abuse |
| Post-transplant factors |
| Immunosuppressive regimens |
| Glucocorticoids |
| Calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine, tacrolimus) |
| Chronic illness |
| Poor nutrition |
| Vitamin D deficiency |
| Immobilization |
| Hypogonadism |
| Lifestyle factors |
| Smoking |
| Alcohol abuse |
| Inactivity |
