| National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) | The NOF recommends measurement of BMD (DXA of the hip and spine) in[1]: - Women age 65 years and older and men age 70 years and older, regardless of clinical risk factors.
- Younger postmenopausal women, women in the menopausal transition, and men age 50 to 69 years with clinical risk factors for fracture.
- Adults who have a fracture after age 50 years.
- Adults with a condition (eg, rheumatoid arthritis) or taking a medication (eg, glucocorticoids in a daily dose ≥5 mg prednisone or equivalent for ≥3 months) associated with low bone mass or bone loss.
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| International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) | The ISCD recommends measurement of BMD (DXA of the hip and spine) in[2]: - All women age 65 years and older and men age 70 years and older regardless of risk factors.
- Postmenopausal women and men age 50 to 70 years when risk factors are present.
- Adults with a fragility fracture.
- Adults with a condition or taking a medication associated with low bone mass or bone loss.
- Anyone being considered for pharmacologic therapy for osteoporosis.
- Anyone being treated for osteoporosis to monitor response to therapy.
- Anyone not receiving therapy when evidence of bone loss would lead to treatment.
- Women in the menopausal transition if there is a specific risk factor associated with increased fracture, such as low body weight, prior low-trauma fracture, or high-risk medication.
- Postmenopausal women discontinuing estrogen should be considered for bone density testing.
- The 33% forearm (one-third radius) site is recommended in the following cases:
- If hip and/or spine cannot be measured or interpreted
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Severe obesity (over the weight limit of DXA table)
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| Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) | AACE recommends measurement of BMD (DXA) in[3]: - All women age 65 years and older.
- Any adult with a history of fracture not caused by severe trauma.
- Younger postmenopausal women with clinical risk factors for fracture.
- The lumbar spine (PA) and proximal femur are recommended sites of measurement.
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| United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) | USPSTF recommends measurements of BMD in[4]: - All women age 65 years and older.
- In addition, they recommend screening in younger women whose fracture risk is equal to or greater than that of a 65-year-old White woman who has no additional risk factors.
- The best site to screen is not mentioned, although the report agrees that DXA of the hip is the best predictor of hip fracture.
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| American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) | The AAFP recommends measurement of BMD in[5]: - Women age 65 years and older.
- Women age 60 years and older at increased risk for osteoporotic fracture.
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| National Institutes of Health (NIH) | The NIH recommends[6]: - BMD measurements for individuals at high risk for osteoporosis. They do not recommend universal screening.
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| North American Menopause Society (NAMS) | The NAMS recommends measurement of BMD (DXA) in[7]: - Women age 65 and older.
- Postmenopausal women with medical causes of bone loss or clinical risk factors for fracture, regardless of age.
- Postmenopausal women with a fragility fracture.
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| American College of Preventative Medicine (ACPM) | The ACPM recommends measurement of BMD (DXA) in[8]: - Women age 65 and older.
- Men age 70 and older.
- Younger postmenopausal women and men aged 50 to 69 years with additional clinical risk factors for fracture.
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| American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) | The ACOG recommends measurement of BMD (DXA) in[9]: - Women age 65 and older.
- Women under age 65 with additional clinical risk factors for fracture.
- Alternatively, women under age 65 with FRAX 10-year risk of major osteoporotic fracture of 9.3% or higher.
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| UK National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG) | The NOGG does not recommend population screening. They are in favor of performing BMD measurements using a case-finding strategy based upon age-specific fracture probability thresholds[10]. |
| Canadian Osteoporosis Society | The Canadian Osteoporosis Society recommends BMD measurement in[11]: - Postmenopausal women age 65 years and older.
- Men age 65 years and older.
- Younger men and women with additional clinical risk factors for fracture.
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