Tissue preparation | Studies |
Intraoperative samples | Frozen tissue with cryopreservative |
Cytological, touch preparations, scrape and squash imprints for histologic diagnosis and FISH |
Formalin-fixed tissue | Routine histopathology |
Immunohistochemical staining |
RT-PCR |
FISH for cytogenetics (tissue sections) |
Glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue | Electron microscopy |
Fresh tissue (tissue culture media) | Cytogenetics |
Molecular studies (FISH, RT-PCR for translocations) |
Tissue culture |
Fresh tissue | Flow cytometry (DNA ploidy, cell surface markers) |
Frozen tissue (no cryopreservative) | Molecular studies, gene rearrangement (FISH, RT-PCR), immunocytochemistry, microarray gene analysis, next-generation sequencing, precision medicine for tumor gene fusion and gene mutation panels |
Alcohol-fixed tissue | Immunocytochemistry (if required improved cytoplasmic preservation) |
Microarray gene analysis |
Cytologic imprinting for FISH studies |