| Medications (eg, digoxin, theophylline, SSRIs, antibiotics) |
| Emotional (eg, depression, anxiety) |
| Alcoholism, older adult abuse |
| Late-life paranoia or bereavement |
| Swallowing problems |
| Oral factors (tooth loss, xerostomia) |
| Nosocomial infections (eg, tuberculosis, pneumonia) |
| Wandering and other dementia-related factors |
| Hyperthyroidism, hypercalcemia, hypoadrenalism |
| Enteral problems (eg, esophageal stricture, gluten enteropathy) |
| Eating problems |
| Low salt, low cholesterol, and other therapeutic diets |
| Social isolation, stones (chronic cholecystitis) |
