| Etiology | Number of cases*[1] (percent) | Number of cases¶[2] (percent) |
| Total nontraumatic PLUS traumatic cases | 191 (100) | 203 (100) |
| Nontraumatic |
| Malignant neoplasia |
| | | |
- Nonlymphomatous (eg, primary lung, mediastinal, metastatic extrathoracic malignancies, sarcoma, leukemia)
| | |
| Total malignant neoplasia cases = | 87 (46) | 34 (17) |
| Nonmalignant |
| | | |
- Miscellaneous (benign tumors, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, intestinal lymphangiectasis, protein-losing enteropathy, regional ileitis, pleuritis, cirrhosis, thoracic aortic aneurysm, lupus, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, venous thrombosis, mitral stenosis, nephrosis, thyroid goiter, tuberous sclerosis, filariasis, heart failure, Down syndrome, Noonan syndrome, other diagnoses* (please refer to UpToDate text for additional causes)
| | |
| Total nonmalignant cases = | 51 (27) | 68 (33) |
| Total nontraumatic cases = | 138 (72) | 102 (50) |
| Traumatic |
- Surgical (cardiovascular, aortic, thoracoplasty, esophagectomy, lobectomy, pneumonectomy, mediastinal mass resection, Bochdalek herniorrhaphy, transabdominal vagotomy, central venous catheterization, esophageal endoscopic sclerotherapy, neck surgery, spine surgery, embolization for pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, pacemaker insertion)
| | |
- Nonsurgical (penetrating or nonpenetrating trauma to the neck, thorax, and upper abdomen, straining, coughing, yawning, vomiting)
| | |
| Total traumatic cases = | 53 (28) | 101 (50) |
