Changes in cervical mucus that inhibit sperm transport (eg, increased copper concentration, thickening, glandular atrophy or decidualization) |
Chronic inflammatory changes of the endometrium and fallopian tubes, which have spermicidal effects and inhibit fertilization and implantation |
Thinning and glandular atrophy of the endometrium, which inhibits implantation |
Direct ovicidal effects |