| Type 1 diabetes (beta cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency) |
| A. Immune-mediated |
| B. Idiopathic |
| Type 2 diabetes (may range from predominantly insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency to a predominantly secretory defect with insulin resistance) |
| Other specific types |
| A. Genetic defects of beta cell function |
- Chromosome 12, HNF-1-alpha (MODY3)
|
- Chromosome 7, glucokinase (MODY2)
|
- Chromosome 20, HNF-4-alpha (MODY1)
|
- Chromosome 13, insulin promoter factor-1 (IPF-1; MODY4)
|
- Chromosome 17, HNF-1-beta (MODY5)
|
- Chromosome 2, NeuroD1 (MODY6)
|
- Mitochondrial DNA
|
- Others
|
| B. Genetic defects in insulin action |
- Type A insulin resistance
|
- Leprechaunism
|
- Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome
|
- Lipoatrophic diabetes
|
- Others
|
| C. Diseases of the exocrine pancreas |
- Pancreatitis
|
- Trauma/pancreatectomy
|
- Neoplasia
|
- Cystic fibrosis
|
- Hemochromatosis
|
- Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy
|
- Others
|
| D. Endocrinopathies |
- Acromegaly
|
- Cushing's syndrome
|
- Glucagonoma
|
- Pheochromocytoma
|
- Hyperthyroidism
|
- Somatostatinoma
|
- Aldosteronoma
|
- Others
|
| E. Drug or chemical induced |
- Vacor
|
- Pentamidine
|
- Nicotinic acid
|
- Glucocorticoids
|
- Thyroid hormone
|
- Diazoxide
|
- Beta-adrenergic agonists
|
- Thiazides
|
- Atypical antipsychotics
|
- Dilantin
|
- Alpha interferon
|
- Others
|
| F. Infections |
- Congenital rubella
|
- Cytomegalovirus
|
- Others
|
| G. Uncommon forms of immune-mediated diabetes |
- "Stiff man" syndrome
|
- Anti-insulin receptor antibodies
|
- Others
|
| H. Other genetic syndromes sometimes associated with diabetes |
- Down syndrome
|
- Klinefelter syndrome
|
- Turner syndrome
|
- Wolfram syndrome
|
- Friederich's ataxia
|
- Huntington's chorea
|
- Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome
|
- Myotonic dystrophy
|
- Porphyria
|
- Prader-Willi syndrome
|
- Others
|
| Gestational diabetes mellitus |
| Patients with any form of diabetes may require insulin treatment at some stage of their disease. Such use of insulin does not, of itself, classify the patient. |
