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Pathophysiology of neuromuscular respiratory failure

Pathophysiology of neuromuscular respiratory failure
  Inadequate ventilation Hypoxemia Ineffective cough Risk for aspiration
Inspiratory muscle weakness* X X X  
Expiratory muscle weakness     X  
Upper airway muscle weaknessΔ     X X
* Inspiratory muscles: diaphgragm, external intercostals, scalenes, sternocleidomastoids, trapezii.
¶ Expiratory muscles: abdominals (internal and external oblique, rectus abdominus, transverse abdominus), internal intercostals.
Δ Upper airway muscles: abductors and adductors (pharyngeal, laryngeal).
Graphic 58563 Version 3.0