| Pulmonary disorders: |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| Asthma |
| Cystic fibrosis |
| Mechanical ventilation |
| Endoscopic procedures: |
| Esophagogastroduodenoscopy |
| Colonoscopy |
| Sclerotherapy |
| Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) |
| Diseases affecting gastrointestinal motility: |
| Diabetes |
| Scleroderma |
| Hirschprung disease |
| Intestinal pseudoobstruction |
| Jejunoileal bypass |
| Pyloric stenosis/obstruction |
| Immunological disturbances: |
| AIDS |
| Steroids |
| Chemotherapy |
| Molecular targeted therapy |
| Lymphoproliferative disorders |
| Bone marrow transplantation |
| Solid organ transplantation |
| Graft versus host disease |
| Amyloidosis |
| Collagen vascular disease |
