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Uptodate Reference Title
Retinal examination showing severe hypertensive retinopathy II
Retinal examination showing severe hypertensive retinopathy II
Retinal examination in a patient with severe hypertension and grade IV hypertensive retinopathy. The optic disc is swollen with indistinct borders. There is venous tortuosity with multiple cotton wool spots and numerous flame-shaped (arrows) and punctate hemorrhages (arrowhead).
Reproduced by permission from: Gallasch G, Ritz E. The fundus in malignant hypertension. Nephrol Dial Trans 1997; 12:1518.