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Uptodate Reference Title
Causes of voluntary stool withholding in infants and children
Causes of voluntary stool withholding in infants and children
Painful defecation
Anal fissure
Perianal irritation
Sexual abuse
Hemorrhoids
Change of environment
New school, traveling, or other change in routine
Family stress
Improper toilet training
Emotional disturbance
Severe intellectual disability
Depression
Data from: Tunnessen WJ. Constipation and fecal retention. In: Signs and Symptoms in Pediatrics, 3rd ed, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 1999. p.518.
