| Delivery |
| Induced abortion |
| Spontaneous abortion |
| Ectopic pregnancy |
| Partial molar pregnancy |
| Chorionic villus sampling |
| Cordocentesis |
| Percutaneous fetal procedures (eg, fetoscopy) |
| Amniocentesis |
| External cephalic version |
| Abruptio placenta |
| Antenatal hemorrhage |
| Maternal abdominal trauma (eg, motor vehicle accident, fall, assault) |
| Manual removal of the placenta |
