| Drugs |
| Glucocorticoids |
| Immunosuppressants (cyclosporine) |
| Antiseizure medications (particularly phenobarbital and phenytoin) |
| Aromatase inhibitors |
| GnRH agonists and antagonists |
| Heparin |
| Cancer chemotherapy |
| Endocrine disorders |
| Acromegaly |
| Adrenal insufficiency |
| Cushing's syndrome |
| Eating disorders |
| Endometriosis |
| Hyperparathyroidism |
| Hyperprolactinemia |
| Hyperthyroidism |
| Hypogonadism (primary or secondary) |
| Diabetes mellitus |
| Gastrointestinal disease/nutritional disorders |
| Alcohol-related liver disease |
| Celiac disease |
| Chronic active hepatitis |
| Chronic cholestatic disease |
| Gastrectomy |
| Inflammatory bowel disease |
| Jejunoileal bypass |
| Malabsorption syndromes |
| Pancreatic insufficiency |
| Parenteral nutrition |
| Primary biliary cholangitis |
| Severe liver disease |
| Vitamin D and/or calcium deficiency |
