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The three signals of T cell activation

Signal I: Antigen presentation by APC to the T cell receptor.
Signal II: Costimulation - binding of additional APC ligands to specific T cell receptors.
Signal III: Newly synthesized IL-2 and growth factors feed back on T cell membrane receptors, causing clonal expansion of newly activated T cells.

Reproduced with permission from: Vierling, JM. Clinical Use of Immunosuppressive Drugs to Control the Immune Response. In: Liver Immunology: Principles and Practice, Gershwin, ME, Vierling, JM, Manns, MP (Eds), Humana Press, Totowa 2007. Copyright ©2007 Springer-Verlag.

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