| Histamine |
| Pruritus, urticaria, gastric hypersecretion, bronchoconstriction |
| Increased vasopermeability and systemic hypotension |
| Heparin |
| Local anticoagulation, osteopenia, and osteoporosis |
| Proteases (tryptases, chymase) |
| Fibrinogen degradation, stimulation of fibroblast proliferation, activation of procollagenase, and tissue remodeling (degrade fibronectin) |
| Cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4) |
| Increased vasopermeability, vasodilation, bronchoconstriction |
| Prostaglandins (PGD2) |
| Vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, flushing |
| Platelet-activating factor |
| Increased vasopermeability, vasodilation |
| Cytokines (TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, nerve growth factor) and growth factors (IL-3, IL-5, IL-6) |
| Activation of vascular endothelial cells, cachexia, and fibrosis |
| Mast cell and eosinophil proliferation |
| B cell proliferation with polyclonal increase in immunoglobulins and paraproteins |
