| Malignant |
| Pancreatic exocrine and neuroendocrine cancers |
| Biliary cancer (gallbladder, cholangiocarcinoma, ampullary cancers) |
| Hepatocellular cancer |
| Gastric, ovarian, colorectal cancer (less often) |
| Lung, breast, uterine cancer (rare) |
| Benign |
| Acute cholangitis |
| Cirrhosis and other cholestatic diseases (including gallstones) |
