Cardinal manifestations
|
Tremor |
Bradykinesia |
Rigidity |
Postural instability |
Other motor features
|
Craniofacial
|
Hypomimia (masked facial expression)
|
Decreased eye blinking
|
Speech disturbances (hypokinetic dysarthria, hypophonia)
|
Dysphagia
|
Sialorrhea
|
Visual
|
Blurred vision
|
Impaired contrast sensitivity
|
Hypometric saccades
|
Impaired vestibuloocular reflex
|
Impaired upward gaze and convergence
|
Lid apraxia
|
Musculoskeletal
|
Micrographia
|
Dystonia
|
Myoclonus
|
Stooped posture
|
Kyphosis
|
Scoliosis
|
Difficulty turning in bed
|
Gait
|
Shuffling, short-stepped gait
|
Freezing
|
Festination
|