| Perinatal brain injury |
| Delayed-onset dystonia |
| Dystonic cerebral palsy |
| Cerebrovascular |
| Arteriovenous malformation and aneurysm |
| Hemorrhage |
| Ischemia |
| Brain injury |
| Brain surgery (including stereotactic ablations) |
| Electrical injury |
| Head trauma |
| Medication |
| Antiseizure medications |
| Calcium channel blockers |
| Dopamine agonists |
| Dopamine receptor blocking agents, including antipsychotic drugs and metoclopramide |
| Levodopa |
| Infection |
| Encephalitis lethargica |
| Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection |
| Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis |
| Syphilis |
| Tuberculosis |
| Viral encephalitis |
| Neoplastic and paraneoplastic |
| Brain tumor |
| Paraneoplastic or autoimmune encephalitis |
| Toxic |
| 3-nitropropionic acid |
| Carbon disulfide |
| Cobalt |
| Cyanide |
| Disulfiram |
| Manganese |
| Methanol |
| Psychogenic (functional) |
