Gastrointestinal disorders |
Nonceliac gluten sensitivity |
Gastroesophageal reflux |
Carbohydrate malabsorption |
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- Sucrose-isomaltase deficiency
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Irritable bowel syndrome |
Intolerance of short-chain fermentable carbohydrates (FODMAPs) |
Yeast overgrowth syndrome |
Pancreatic insufficiency (cystic fibrosis) |
Peptic ulcer disease |
Gallbladder disease |
Toxic reactions |
Seafood |
- Scombroid poisoning (fresh tuna and mackerel)
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- Ciguatera poisoning (grouper, snapper)
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Other food poisoning |
Fungal toxins |
Intolerances |
Pharmacologic agents |
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- Theobromine (tea, chocolate)
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- Histamine and histamine-like compounds (berries, wine, fish, sauerkraut)
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- Tryptamine (tomato, plum)
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- Tyramine (aged cheeses, pickled fish)
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- Serotonin (banana, tomato)
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- Phenylethylamine (chocolate)
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- Glycosidal alkaloid solanine (potatoes)
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Flavorings and preservatives |
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Neurologic reactions |
Auriculotemporal syndrome |
Psychologic reactions |
Food phobias |
Food aversions |
Accidental contaminations |
Pesticides |
Antibiotics (if allergy present) |