Disease category | Primary underlying mechanism |
Airway obstruction |
Choanal atresia | Hypoventilation |
Laryngotracheomalacia |
Macroglossia |
Micrognathia or retrognathia (eg, Pierre-Robin syndrome) |
Cardiac |
Congenital cyanotic heart disease | Right-to-left shunting |
Heart failure/pulmonary edema | Impaired alveolar-arterial diffusion and V/Q mismatch |
Hematologic |
Hemoglobinopathies (eg, methemoglobinemia) | Impaired oxygen saturation |
Polycythemia | Elevated hemoglobin resulting in low oxygen saturation |
Metabolic |
Severe hypoglycemia | Hypoventilation due to decreased or absent respiratory effort secondary to lethargy, seizures, and/or apnea |
Inborn errors of metabolism |
Neurologic |
Central nervous system depression |
Apnea of prematurity | Hypoventilation |
Infection (eg, meningitis, encephalitis) |
Intraventricular hemorrhage |
Maternal sedation |
Seizure |
Neuromuscular disorder |
Neonatal myasthenia gravis | Hypoventilation |
Phrenic nerve injury |
Spinal muscular atrophy type 1 (Wernig-Hoffman disease) |
Pulmonary |
Parenchymal disease |
Atelectasis | V/Q mismatch |
Alveolar capillary dysplasia |
Lobar emphysema |
Pneumonia |
Pulmonary hypoplasia |
Pulmonary hemorrhage |
Respiratory distress syndrome (Hyaline membrane disease) |
Transient tachypnea of the newborn |
Pulmonary fibrosis | Impaired alveolar-arterial diffusion |
Pulmonary edema | Impaired alveolar-arterial diffusion and V/Q mismatch |
Nonparenchymal disease |
Pleural effusion | V/Q mismatch |
Pneumothorax |
Other |
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn | Right-to-left shunting |