CT: computed tomography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; RT: radiation therapy; CRT: chemoradiotherapy (conventional fractionation radiation therapy with concurrent fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy); APR: abdominoperineal resection.
* Neoadjuvant CRT is an alternative for patients with a primary distal tumor who refuse APR or are poor surgical candidates.
ΒΆ Upfront immunotherapy is a non-standard alternative for patients with evidence of deficient mismatch repair either in germline or somatic (tumor) testing.