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Uptodate Reference Title
Schobinger staging system for arteriovenous malformations[1,2]
Schobinger staging system for arteriovenous malformations[1,2]
Stage
Clinical findings
I
Cutaneous blush, warmth
II
Bruit, audible pulsations, expanding lesion
III
Pain, ulceration, bleeding, infection
IV
Cardiac failure
References:
Kohout MP, Hansen M, Pribaz JJ, Mulliken JB. Arteriovenous malformations of the head and neck: natural history and management. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998; 102:643.
Schobinger RA. Diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities in peripheral angiodysplasias. Helv Chric Acta 1971; 38:213.
