Lung ultrasound findings in patients with lung pathologies

Synopsis of lung ultrasound semiotics. Main segmental patterns are illustrated (left column) and described in their distinctive features (right column).
Normal pattern (image A).
Sonographic interstitial syndrome (>3 B lines/intercostal space [image C, left panel]), and pneumothorax (image F, left panel) are mutually exclusive artifact-based patterns. Pleural sliding (image A) and lung pulse (image B) are representations of visceral pleural motion (in a ventilated and a nonventilated lung area, respectively) and are here shown using M-mode imaging as having a different appearance of artifacts beyond the pleural line. M-mode provides representation over time of reflected echoes from a single scanning line: structures perpendicular to the ultrasound beam are represented by dots at a specific depth and appear as straight lines when motionless.
Effusion (image C, left panel) and consolidation (image D, top left panel) are image-based patterns, and their interpretation is more intuitive for a more extensive description.