| Syndromes | Description | Examples of implicated agents |
| Acute bronchoconstriction | Evidence of airflow limitation (eg, wheezing, prolonged expiratory phase, reduced FEV1) | Carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, paclitaxel, rituximab, vinorelbine |
| Infusion reaction | Acute onset of symptoms/signs (eg, angioedema, flushing, itching, urticaria, arthralgias, bronchoconstriction, dyspnea, hypotension, hypoxemia, nausea, or back pain) during or shortly after infusion May be caused by mast cell/basophil activation or cytokine release in a systemic inflammatory reaction | Platinum drugs, taxanes, rituximab, l-asparaginase, carfilzomib, cytarabine, etoposide |
| Alveolar hemorrhage | Dyspnea, sometimes hemoptysis, diffuse radiographic opacities, hypoxemia, BAL fluid with evidence of hemorrhage | All-trans retinoic acid, bevacizumab, crizotinib, docetaxel, erlotinib, etoposide, fludarabine, gefitinib, gemcitabine, irinotecan, lenalidomide, sorafenib, sunitinib |
| Eosinophilic pneumonia | Dyspnea, diffuse radiographic pulmonary opacities, hypoxemia, and BAL fluid eosinophilia (>20% eosinophils), sometimes with peripheral eosinophilia | Bleomycin, lenalidomide, fludarabine, gemcitabine |
| Hypersensitivity pneumonitis | Dyspnea and radiographic pulmonary opacities developing within hours to days of treatment due to a cell-mediated (Type IV) delayed hypersensitivity reaction May be associated with pulmonary eosinophilia | Bleomycin, methotrexate, cytarabine, dactinomycin |
| Interstitial pneumonitis | Dyspnea, cough, sometimes fever, diffuse or focal radiographic opacities (eg, septal thickening, ground glass opacities, consolidation) and nonspecific BAL findings | Bleomycin, mitomycin, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, gemcitabine, tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (eg, dasatinib, imatinib), taxanes |
| Radiation recall | Appearance of radiographic opacities in areas of prior irradiation in response to treatment with a cytotoxic agent Often associated with cough and dyspnea | Carmustine, doxorubicin, etoposide, gefitinib, gemcitabine, paclitaxel and trastuzumab |
| Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema | Pulmonary edema without evidence of heart failure or increase in left atrial pressure | Mitomycin, cytarabine, gemcitabine, interleukin-2 |
| Capillary leak syndrome | Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema associated with diffuse peripheral edema and sometimes intravascular hypovolemia | Docetaxel, interleukin-2 |
| Acute lung injury, ARDS | Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema PLUS evidence of acute inflammation (eg, fever, elevated neutrophils in BAL fluid) | Dactinomycin, bleomycin, cytarabine, gemcitabine, mitomycin |
| Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease | A form of pulmonary hypertension with mixed pre-capillary, capillary, and post-capillary occlusion. CT findings include diffuse or mosaic ground glass opacities, septal lines, pulmonary artery enlargement, and mediastinal adenopathy | Bleomycin, carmustine, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, gemcitabine, mitomycin |
