- Observe upper extremity swing:
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- Is arm swing symmetrical?
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- Is any joint positioned abnormally?
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- Observe head and trunk position and motion:
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- Are the head and trunk midline?
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- Is there smooth motion and vertical excursion of head?
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- Does motion of the trunk appear smooth and equal?
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- Observe the position of the pelvis:
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- Does the pelvis appear level?
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- Is there equal anterior to posterior rotation of the pelvis on each side?
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- Observe hip motion:
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- Does hip flexion and extension appear equal on each side?
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- Is there any observable shift on either side?
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- Is there any lateral excursion from the hip during the swing phase of gait?
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- Observe knee position and motion:
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- Is there genu valgus or varus at rest? If so, is it unilateral or bilateral?
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- Is there horizontal motion at the knee during gait (eg, valgus or varus thrust)?
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- Does knee flexion and extension appear equal on each side?
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- Observe ankle and foot motion:
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- Are ankle plantar and dorsi-flexion symmetric?
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- Is ankle alignment normal when observed in frontal plane?
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- Is the foot position normal, symmetric? In-toed or out-toed?
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- Does either foot demonstrate excessive pronation or supination?
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- Is push off/toe off equal on each side?
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- Is there calcaneal varus or valgus?
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- Observe overall gait dynamics:
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- Is the stride length normal? Is step length symmetric?
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- Is the stride frequency normal or slowed?
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- Is there appropriate counterbalanced movement of the contralateral limb?
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