The Stapfer classification of ERCP-related perforations

The Stapfer classification divides ERCP-related perforations into four types based on the mechanism, anatomical location, and severity of injury. The four types of perforations are: Type I, lateral or medial wall duodenal perforation; type II, periampullary injuries; type III, bile duct or pancreatic duct injuries; and type IV, retroperitoneal air alone.