Localized nociceptive or neuropathic pain |
Evidence strongest for: |
Ziconotide |
Morphine |
Fentanyl |
Hydromorphone |
Morphine or fentanyl or hydromorphone plus bupivacaine |
Morphine or fentanyl or hydromorphone plus clonidine |
Morphine or fentanyl or hydromorphone plus ziconotide |
Diffuse nociceptive or neuropathic pain |
Evidence strongest for: |
Ziconotide |
Morphine |
Hydromorphone |
Morphine or hydromorphone plus clonidine |
Morphine or hydromorphone plus bupivacaine |
Morphine or hydromorphone plus ziconotide |