IgA: immunoglobulin A; IL-6: interleukin 6; CRP: C-reactive protein; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; UTI: urinary tract infection; GH: growth hormone; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor 1; BMR: basal metabolic rate. * Cardiac output is decreased in proportion to lean body mass. Cardiac index (which relates cardiac output to body surface area) is normal. ΒΆ Children with either marasmus or kwashiorkor (edematous malnutrition) have precarious fluid balance: Fluid overload may cause acute congestive heart failure, while hypovolemia quickly compromises tissue perfusion.
