| Nighttime symptoms |
| |
- Labored breathing; paradoxical abdominal movements
|
- Apneas, pauses in breathing, or gasping
|
| |
- Restless or agitated sleep
|
- Sleeping in unusual positions (neck extended)
|
- Nighttime sweating, preference for minimal clothing
|
- Nocturnal enuresis or nocturia
|
- Sleepwalking, sleep terrors, or confusional arousals
|
| Daytime symptoms |
- Mouth breathing, hyponasal speech
|
- Poor school functioning or other behavioral concerns (inattentiveness, difficulty learning, hyperactivity, impulsivity, irritability, rebelliousness, aggression)
|
- Sleepiness (eg, falls asleep at school or in the car, or excessive napping)
|
| |
| Potential consequences in childhood |
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or disruptive behavior disorders
|
- Poor growth (especially in infants and young children)
|
| |
- Altered cardiac morphology (right and left ventricular hypertrophy)
|
| |
