(A) Tip configuration of thoracoscope with three-dimensional video optics.
(B) Diagram demonstrating optical sizes needed to reproduce human three-dimensional perception for endoscopic procedures.
(A) Reprinted by permission from: Springer: Surgical Endoscopy. Taffinder N, Smith SG, Huber J. The effect of a second-generation 3D endoscope on the laparoscopic precision of novices and experienced surgeons. Surg Endosc 1999; 13:1087. Copyright © 1999.
https://link.springer.com/journal/464.
(B) Image Courtesy of Olympus America Inc.
